托福写作怎么慎用巧用分词一：
用分词替换定语从句时，分词的逻辑主语就是定语从句前的先行词。
如现在分词：We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the building. (... the bridge which connects/connected the two halves...)前一句中的分词connecting的逻辑主语是the bridge，和后一句中定语从句先行词the bridge， 两者一致。
试比较：The man who Tim is meeting for lunch is from Taiwan.此句的定语从句who Tim is meeting for lunch不可用分词结构替换，即绝不能改成：The man Tim meeting for lunch is from Taiwan. 因为分词meeting的逻辑主语并不是定语从句先行词the man，而是Tim，所以这是完全错误的说法。
又如过去分词：The issue that club members are being asked to vote on at tonight’s meeting is that of a fee increase. 绝不可改成：The issue club members being asked to vote on at tonight’s meeting is that of a fee increase.分词being asked的逻辑主语是club members，并不是定语从句先行词the issue。
托福写作怎么慎用巧用分词二：表因果
表因果，即当分词所指行为或事件引发了主句所指的事件或行为，可以替换定语从句。
比较：A. The snow which fell overnight has turned to ice. (不可改为The snow falling overnight...)只表先后，不表因果
B. The snow which fell overnight has caused traffic chaos. (可以用分词The snow falling overnight has caused traffic chaos.)又先后，表因果。
托福写作怎么慎用巧用分词三：用分词时，不表动作先后，表伴随状态
用分词时，不表动作先后，表伴随状态。如： The girl who fell over on the ice broke her arm. (不可改成The girl falling over on the ice broke her arm.)瞬间性行为动词fell over 和broke 有先后。 比较：I pulled off sheets which covered the furniture. 表状态伴随的动词cover，替换成分词ts covering the furniture.
托福写作怎么慎用巧用分词四：情态动词做谓语的定语从句，不可用分词替换
情态动词做谓语的定语从句，不可用分词替换。如：There are a number of people who should be asked.
1、环境类
white pollute 白色污染
sustainable development 可持续发展
ecosystem 生态系统
environmental pollution 环境污染
over-fishing (overgrazing) 过度捕捞(过度放牧)
sandstorm 沙尘暴
resource exhaustion 资源枯竭
water and soil conservation 水土保持
soilerosion 土壤流失
clear-cutting (deforestation) 滥砍滥伐
desertification 沙漠化
conserve natural resources 保护自然资源
shortage of freshwater 淡水短缺
disruption of ecological balance 生态失衡
natural preservation zone 自然保护区
2、教育话题类
the craze for graduate school 考研热
surf the internet 网上冲浪
cyberspace 网络空间
inter-disciplinary talent 复合型人才
assignment of graduates 毕业生分配
netfriend 网友
examination-oriented education 应试教育
teach students according to their aptitude 因材施教
quality-oriented education 素质教育
compulsory education 义务教育
internet bar 网吧
adult (continuing) education 成人教育
distance education 远程教育
campus culture 校园文化
two-way selection 双向选择
work-study program 勤工俭学
double degree 双学位
non-resident student 走读生
resident student 寄宿生
extra curricular activities 课外活动
self-taught examination 自学考试
become well-educated through self-study 自学成才
to reduce study load 学生减负
web-addiction 沉湎于上网
3、社会热点类
Project Hope 希望工程
information revolution 信息革命
jerry-built projects 豆腐渣工程
population explosion 人口爆炸
epidemic disease 传染病
drop out students 失学儿童
laid-off worker 下岗工人
reemployment project 再就业工程
clone technology 克隆技术
migrate laborer 民工
crack down on counterfeit goods/fake products 打假
devalue 贬值
expand domestic demand 扩大内需
state-owned enterprise 国有企业
deflation 通货紧缩
inflation 通货膨胀
rechargeable card 冲值卡
Smooth Traffic Project 畅通工程
anti-fake label 防伪标志
poverty alleviation 扶贫
infrastructure construction 基础设施
vicious circle 恶性循环
gender discrimination 性别歧视
psychological quality 心理素质
pattern of consumption 消费结构
consumers' association 消费者协会
green food 绿色食品
money worship 拜金主意
Olympic committee 奥委会
host city 举办城市
bid for Olympic 申办奥运会
4、经济文化类
regional protectionism 地方保护主义
tax evasion 偷税漏税
purchasing power 购买力
cyber economy 网络经济
personal income tax 个人所得税
risk investment 风险投资
after sale service 售后服务
stock exchange 股票交易
booming/thriving/prosperity 繁荣
decline/recession/depression 萎缩/衰退/萧条
5、科技发展类
broadband networks 宽带网
multimedia 多媒体
hacker 黑客
e-business 电子商务
pirated software 盗版软件
pseudo-science/superstition 迷信
computer virus 电脑病毒
on-line shopping 网上购物
get/surfon-line 上网
test-tube baby 试管婴儿
Orbital Station 空间站
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